Trustee Resources Sample Public Library Policies & Development Tips

Below you will find policy development tips and samples. They are divided into two catagories:
- external (policies dealing with the public) and
- internal (adminstrative policies).

The library boards' ultimate responsibility is to ensure and protect the reputation of the institution - best realized through the adoption of clearly written library policies. Written policies provide consistency for patrons and staff, help to resolve misunderstandings, reduce incidents of conflict and help to protect from litigation.

Internal Policies

• Internal Financial Controls
  • Purchasing - Who does the purchasing for the library? What is the board involvement? When does staff need to get bids? How are records kept?
  • Investment - Does the library make investments? Who handles this?
  • Fundraising / Gift - How does fundraising support the library's goals and objectives? Can a donor request that donations be used for a particular purpose? Is the donor given a receipt? How does the library recognize donors? Does the library accept gifts of: equipment, furniture, books, DVDs and/or other library materials, land, stock? Who is responsible for determining whether or not the library will accept a donation? Who is determines the amount to be raised and what the funds will be spent on? Where are funds raised deposited? Are the funds invested? Deed of Gift Examples
  • Fundraising & Friends - How are the library board, director and staff involved? Who is determines the amount to be raised and what the funds will be spent on? Who is responsible for managing the fundraising efforts? Where are the funds collected deposited? Are the funds under the control of the library or the Friends? Are the funds invested? Who has approved the investment plan? How and when are the funds turned over to the library? Is a portion of the funds retained by the Friends? Is there a maximum amount or percentage that can be withheld? Are donors aware that funds are being withheld? How are donors recognized?
  • Conflict of Interest
  • Code of Ethics
• Confidentiality of Patron Records - Why does the library maintain the confidentiality of patron records? What state laws/regulations exist that address confidentiality of patrons records? Has the library adopted the Library Bill of Rights and/or the Code of Professional Ethics? Under what circumstances, if any, will library staff provide borrower-related information concerning a minor child to his or her parent or legal guardian? What is the procedure for handling requests made under the USA PATRIOT Act or FISA? [excerpted from Creating Policies for Results: From Chaos to Clarity by Sandra Nelson and June Garcia, ALA, 2003] USA PATRIOT Act Policy Compliance - Does the library adhere to the ALA Code of Ethics?
• Record Retention / Document Destruction
• Law Enforcement Inquiry
• Personnel - How are vacancies filled? How is staff expected to act on the job? Is there a dress code? How should staff report harassment? What provisions are made for staff development/training? How are grievances handled? What is the procedure for evaluation? What benefits are offered? Is there vacation/sick time? Under what circumstances can someone be dismissed?
  • Harassment
  • Whistleblower Protection
  • Workplace Safety
• Public Relations - Who handles public relations for the library? Does the library send out press releases?
• Disaster & Emergency - How does the library define the terms emergency and disaster? Who is responsible for reporting an emergecy situation at the library and requesting assistance from police, fire, paramedics and others? Where can staff obtain the phone numbers and other contact information to report an emergency? Under what circumstances may staff administer emergency medical assistance? Under what circumstances is the library board informed of an emergency situation at the library? Who is responsible for handline media inquiries about an emergency? How are emergencies or distasters that occur when the library is closed handled? Are staff expected to submit a written report after the emergency or disaster is under control? Who is the report sent to? How soon after the event should it be submitte? How will the report be used? [excerpted from Creating Policies for Results: From Chaos to Clarity by Sandra Nelson and June Garcia, ALA, 2003]
• Volunteers - Does the library use volunteers? How are volunteers solicited? Interviewed? Trained?

External Policies (4 categories):

Collection

• Lending Rules / Procedures
  
  
• Interlibrary and Interagency Cooperation: Does your library supply materials to other libraries and/or agencies? Under what circumstances?
  
  
• Collection Development /Materials Selection What type of materials do you buy? How do you balance your collection? How do you manage a patron challenge to something purchased? How do you balance your collection with community needs?
  
  
• Challenge of Library Materials Does the library have a collection development policy? Has the library adopted or endorsed the ALA Library Bill of Rights and/or its statements on Freedom to Read and Freedom to View? What should a staff person do if a patron approaches them with a concern about a particular item in the library's collection? What if someone calls with a complain? What about an email or written complaint? Should the complaint be saved? Do you have a written form for patrons to fill out? What process does the staff follow for the reconsideration of an item? How is this process and the decision communicated to the library patron who initiated the request? If the patrons disagrees with the ruling is there an appeal process? What is the appeal process? Who has the ultimate say on whether an item is suitable for the collection or whether it has been properly classified? [excerpted from Creating Policies for Results: From Chaos to Clarity by Sandra Nelson and June Garcia, ALA, 2003]
  
  
• Free Access to Libraries for Minors: An interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights (ALA)
  
  
• Freedom to Read Statement (ALA)
  
  
• Library Bill of Rights (ALA)

Public Space

• Patron Code of Conduct - What type of experience do you hope a patron has at your library? What behaviors are expected to insure that all patrons of your library have a good experience in your building? Consider issues such as cell phones, food or drinks, concealed weapons, and animals, besides service animals, in the library. What behavior is unacceptable in the library or on the library property? How are patrons made aware of the code of conduct for your library? What should a staff person do if a patron is not following your code of conduct policy? What would a staff person do if a patron continues to violate your policy? Under what circumstances would the police be brought in to deal with a patrons unacceptable behavior? Who would a patron appeal to if they felt the had been wrongly singled out? What would be the appeal process? How could a patron request a revision to your policy? What process will the library follow to respond to requests for revisions? [excerpted from Creating Policies for Results: From Chaos to Clarity by Sandra Nelson and June Garcia, ALA, 2003]
  
  
• Child Safety/Unattended Children in the Library - What should staff do when they observe an unattended child in the library? What should staff do when an unattended child is still in the library at closing time or if there is an emergency closing of the building? What should staff do if an unattended child is being disruptive? Under what circumstances are the police called? How are parents made aware of your policy?
  
  
• Americans with Disabilities Act Statement & Service to Disabled Patrons - If your library is not handicapped accessible how will you provide service to someone who cannot enter your building or a part of your collection?
  
  
• Tutoring Policy
  
  
• Sample Incident Report Forms (in MS Word): Sample 1 | Sample 2 | Sample 3

Meeting Space / Exhibit Space

• Meeting Room Use - Why does the library have a meeting room? What is the primary purpose of the meeting room? How does the use of the meeting room suppor the library's mission? What events or programs may occur in the meeting room? What events or programs are prohibited, if any? Who may reserve the meeting room? Adults only? Young adults? Children? Is there a fee for the use of the meeting room? If yes, at what point must the fee be paid? Under what circumstances is the fee waived? If a meeting is cancelled would the fee be refunded? If yes, under what circumstances? May the meeting room be used when the library is closed? If yes, is there an additional fee to cover the cost of staff who must stay until the event is over? May the individual or group using the room charge a fee for people to attend the program they are offering in the library's meeting room? If so, may fees be collected on the library's premises? Will the individual or group that is renting the meeting room be expected to sign an agreement that states the terms and conditions of the usage of the room? How far in advance may a meeting room be reserved? Do library events take precedent? May the group renting your meeting room use the library's AV equipment? Is there a fee? Are staff required to set up the equipment? Who is responsible for meetin room set up and clean up? May food and beverages be consumed in the meeting room? May alcohol be consumed in the library's meeting room?
  
  
• Displays, Exhibits and Posting - Are exhibits and displays created only by staff or are other organizations and individuals authorized to create exhibits and displays in the library? What is the process for an outside organization or individual to mount a display? Does the outside organization need to sign a release to have a display in the library? Who is responsible for the quality of a display? Who schedules displays? Is there a fixed time for a display to be up? Can library materials be used in a display? How is a complaint about a display handled?

Internet / Technology

• Public Use of the Internet / Computers - How does providing Internet access support the library mission? Does the library offer unflitered access to the Internet? Why? Does the library offer filtered access to the Internet? Why? Who is eligible to use library-provided PCs? May library patrons use the library's computers to access email, chat rooms, play games, access news groups and so forth? Is there a time limit? Has the library established guidelines for Internet use that all patrons are expected to observe? If so, please attach a copy to this policy. How are patrons made aware of the guidelines and policy? Is printing allowed? Is there a charge? Is there a limit to the number of pages that may be printed? What should a staff person do if he or she notices a patrons not observing the Internet Use policy? What should a staff person do if a patrons reports that another patrons is not observing the Internet Use policy? What should a staff person do if a patron reports that they are offended or bothered by the Internet use of another patron? How would a patron request a change be made to the library's Internet Use policy? Who should handle the request? How will the decision be reported to the patron? What assistance should staff provide for a patron who is unfamiliar with how to access Internet resources? [excerpted from Creating Policies for Results: From Chaos to Clarity by Sandra Nelson and June Garcia, ALA, 2003]

• Wireless (Wi-fi) Networks
  
  
• Social Software
  
  
• Web Site Disclaimers

---------------------Samples

INTERNAL POLICY SAMPLES

Internal Financial Controls

Puchasing Policy

• LaGrange Association Library (NY)
• Poughkeesie Public Library District (NY)
  
• West Hurley Public Library (NY)

Internal Controls

• Hudson Area Association Library (NY)
• Budget Approval Cycle (Woodstock Public Library District, NY)

Investment Policy

• LaGrange Association Library (NY)
• Heermance Memorial Library (Coxsackie, NY)
• Julia L. Butterfield Memorial Library (Cold Spring, NY)
• Mahopac Public Library (NY)
• Pickerington Public Library (OH)
  
• Hussey-Mayfield Memorial Public Library (IN)
  
• Westport Public Library (CT)
  
• Cooke Memorial Public Library District (IL)
  
• Worthington Public Library (OH)
• Investment of Public Funds (IL)

Fundraising / Gift Policy

• Hillsdale Public Library
  
• D.R. Evarts Library (Athens, NY)
• Beloit Public Library
  
• Garrett Public Library

  Gift Agreement

• Starr Library (Rhinebeck, NY)

  Deed of Gift Examples

• "A Guide to Deeds of Gift" [Society of American Archivists]
• Samples:
  • Boulder Public Library (CO)
  • University of California
    • Sample 1
    • Sample 2
  • UCLA History Project
    
    

Friends Policy

• LaGrange Association Library (NY)
• Desmond-Fish Library (Garrison, NY)
• Pine Plains Free Library (NY)
• Friends of the Library (IL)

Conflict of Interest Policy

• LaGrange Association Library (NY)
• Julia L. Butterfield Library (Cold Spring, NY)
• Hudson Area Association Library (NY)

Code of Ethics

• Heermance Memorial Library (Coxsackie, NY)

Confidentiality of Patron Records

• ALA Policy on Confidentiality of Library Records
  "Inquiries about patron reading habits raise serious questions for librarians and patrons. For example, are you what you read? Would you want others to base decisions affecting your life on their opinion of the books you read, the music you listen to, the information you access over the Internet or other electronic networks or database services, or the films you view? How would library use change if patrons thought their reading records and other information about their lives would be open for scrutiny? How widely would people read knowing their choices might prejudice others against them? If libraries are to survive as centers for the free and uninhibited access to information so necessary to a democratic society, librarians must vigilantly guard their patrons' privacy and freedom of inquiry."
• ALA Code of Ethics
• ALA Bill of Rights
• MHLS Patron Privacy Statement
  
  Samples
• LaGrange Association Library (NY)
• Mahopac Library Library (NY)
• Hudson Area Association Library (NY)
• Kinderhook Memorial Library (NY)
• Heermance Memorial Library (Coxsackie, NY)
• Patron Confidentiality Ordinance (IL)
• Confidentiality Waiver (MHLS)
  
  

Record Retention / Document Destruction

• Records Retention [MHLS]
• Document Destruction [National Council of Nonprofit Associations]
• Mahopac Library Library (NY)

Law Enforcement Inquiries

• Template for Law Enforcement Inquiries Guideline (NYLA Intellectual Freedom Committee)
• Confidentiality and Coping with Law Enforcement Inquiries: Guidelines for the Library and its Staff (ALA)
• Patterson Library's Policy & Procedure Regarding Confidentiality of Library Records and the USA PATRIOT Act Policy Compliance
• Law Enforcement Requests:
  • Gotham City Public Library Model Staff Directive 1.5
  • Gotham City Public Library Model Policy 1.1

Personnel / Human Resources Policies

• General / Employment Handbooks
  
  • Personnel Policies [Across the Board, MHLS]
  • Personnel Policy Components [Maine State Library]
  • Indiana State Library, Personnel Policy Samples (includes sample personnel manual)
  • Julia L. Butterfield Memorial Library (Cold Spring, NY)
  • Hudson Area Association Library (NY)
  • Amenia Free Library (NY)
  • Kingston Library (NY)
  • North Judson-Wayne Township Public Library (IN)
    
  • Wisconsin Association of Public Libraries
  • Outagamie Waupaca Library System (WI)
    
  • Iola Public Library (KS)
    
• Harassment / Discrimination Policies
  LaGrange Association Library (NY)
  Julia L. Butterfield Memorial Library (NY)
  Orcas Island Public Library (WA)
  Illinois State Library Sample
• Compensation Plans
  Noble County Public Library
• Grievance Procedure Policy
  Illinois State Library Sample
• Personnel Records Policy
  Illinois State Library Sample
• Whistleblower Protection
  Whistleblower Policy [National Council of Nonprofit Associations]
  Julia L. Butterfield Library (Cold Spring, NY)
  LaGrange Association Library (NY)
  
• Workplace Safety Policy
  River Falls Public Library Safety Policy
  Safe Harbor Taskforce Policies and Procedures, Alliance Library System (IL)
  Problem Situation Manual, Evanston Public Library (IL)
  Library Security Guidelines, Library Administration & Management Association
  

Media / Public Relations Policy

• Kinderhook Memorial Library (NY)
• Sample Photo Release Form [Oak Park Public Library (IL)]

Disaster Policy

• Template for Writing a Disaster Plan from the Indiana State Library [MS Word]
• Disaster Preparedness Manual for Small Public Libraries (State Library of Ohio)
• Emergency Planning & Recovery Techniques Handbook: Part 2 - Planning
• Wisconsin Association of Public Libraries
• Samples
  • Heermance Memorial Library (Coxsackie, NY)
  • Stanford Free Library (NY)
  • Starr Library (Rhinebeck, NY)

Volunteer Policy

• Middleton Public Library
  
• City of Louisville Public Library
  
• Livermore Public Library
  
• Appleton Public Library

EXTERNAL POLICY SAMPLES

Collection

Lending Rules & Procedures

• Kinderhook Memorial Library (NY)
• Mahopac Public Library (NY)

Collection Development / Material Selection Policies

• ALA's Freedom to Read Statement
• ALA's Freedom to View Statement
  
  
• Kinderhook Memorial Library (NY)
• Hudson Area Association Library (NY)
• Heermance Memorial Library (Coxsackie, NY)
• Hillsdale Public Library (NY)
  
• Hoboken Public Library (NJ)
  
• Marshall Public Library (ID)
  
• Middleton Public Library (WI)
  
• Ohio County Public Library (WV)
  
• Pikes Peak Library District (CO)
  
• Wakefield Public Library (MA)
  For more samples check out Acqweb's Directory of Collection Development Policies on the Web
  

Challenge of Library Materials

• Dealing with Challenges to Books and Other Library Materials (ALA)
• Kinderhook Memorial Library (NY): policy & reconsideration form

Public Space

Patron Code of Conduct

• Poughkeepsie Public Library District (NY)
• Kinderhook Memorial Library (NY)
• Roeliff-Jansen Community Library
  
• Town of Esopus Library
  
• Pikes Peak Library District (CO)
  
• Las Vegas Clark County Library District
  
• Multnomah County Library
  
• Napa City-County Library
• Food & Beverage in the Library (Julia L. Butterfield Memorial Library, Cold Spring, NY)
  

Child Safety / Unattended Children

• New Jersey Library Association: Children and Libraries
• Illinois State Lbrary Sample
• Noble County Public Library (IN)
• Bryant Library (NY)
• York County Public Library (VA)
  
• Chapel Hill Public Library (NC)
  
• Mansfield/Richmond County (OH)

Americans with Disabilities Act Statement & Service to Disabled Patrons
"Americans with Disabilities Act Statement: Each library should adopt a general policy statement that affirms its support of equal access for persons with disabilities and the ADA. The ADA statement should be displayed in the library and printed brochures for programming, services and policy brochures for children as well as for adults. The library should be compliant as possible for its facility and especially for programming for children. ADA Home Page: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/adahom1.htm. [from the NYLA/YSS "Kids Still Welcome Here" document ] .

• Julia L. Butterfield Memorial Library (Cold Spring, NY)
• Reed Memorial Library (Carmel)
  
• Beloit Public Library (WI)
  
• Kenosha Public Library (WI)
  
• Manitowoc Public Library (WI)

Tutoring in the Library

• Gloversville Public Library (NY)
• Cornwall Public Library (NY)

Meeting Space / Exhibit Space

Meeting Room Use

Who's In and Who's Out? Library Meeting Room and Exhibit Space Policies from LibraryLaw.com

• Putnam Valley Free Library (NY)
• Hudson Area Association Library (NY)
• Town of Esopus Library (NY)
• Roeliff Jansen Community Library (NY)
• Madison Public Library (WI)
• Westerville Public Library (OH)
• Salem Public Library (VA)

Displays and Exhibits

• Kinderhook Memorial Library (NY)
• Heermance Memorial Library (Coxsackie, NY)
• Wisconsin Association of Public Libraries
  
• Seattle Public Library (WA)
  
• Avalon Public Library (PA)
  
• Holmes County District Public Library (OH)
  
  

  More Samples
  As an educational and cultural institution, the Library welcomes exhibits and displays of interest, information and enlightenment to the community. Displays of handiwork, historical material, nature study, or any other material deemed of general interest may be exhibited. The director shall accept or reject material offered for display based on its suitability and availability. The Library assumes no responsibility for the preservation or protection, and no liability for possible damage or theft of any item displayed or exhibited. All items placed in the Library are there at the owner's risk. Areas available to the public for displays and exhibits are the glass exhibit case, the meeting room, and the general bulletin board. A release must be signed by the exhibitor before any artifact can be placed in the library.
  

  Public Posting Policy
  

Sample
Bulletin board materials may be submitted for posting by nonprofit organizations for civic, educational, or cultural purposes. Such organizations may submit literature publicizing a specific event. Limited space generally allows only short-term notices. The director must approve all postings and may prohibit postings which do not meet library standards.

Library staff will place and remove postings promptly. Each item posted must be dated and signed. A request for return of items, along with name and telephone number of person to be contacted, should be printed on the back of each article. Unless such arrangements are specified, items must be picked up the day following the date of the publicized event if the owners want them returned. Otherwise, the library will not be responsible for returning materials.
[with thanks to the Outagamie Waupaca Library System]

Public Library Display and Exhibit Release
Sample
I, the undersigned, hereby lend the following works of art or other material to the Library for exhibit purposes only. In consideration of the privilege of exhibiting them in the Library, I hereby release said Library from responsibility for loss, damage, or destruction while they are in the possession of the Library. Exhibition to be held in the __________________________________during_________________________________________ Description of materials loaned_____________________________________________________________ Signature____________________________________________Date______________________________ Address__________________________________________________Telephone_____________________

[with thanks to the Outagamie Waupaca Library System]

Petition Posting Policy
from the Patterson Library of Westfield, NY: Petitions
Petitions will be placed on Bulletin Board #2. A disclaimer will be posted with petitions stating that any information which appears on the community information board does not necessarily reflect the policies and/or opinions of the library staff or library board. Petitions should be presented to the Library Director. Upon receipt of a petition, the Library Director will date the petition and record the name of the person presenting the petition. The petition will be allowed one week for display. Petitions should be no larger than 8 ½" x 14 " and no more than two pages in length. Petitions will be disposed of after one week of display if they are not collected by the petitioner.

Internet / Computer Use

Internet:

• Kinderhook Memorial Library
• Poughkeepsie Public Library District
• Town of Esopus Library
• Hillsdale Library
• Kingston Library
• Other Libraries:
• Darien Library
• St. Joseph County Public Library

  Additional links of interest:

• Free Access to Libraries for Minors - ALA, Kids Still Welcome Here Internet Policy (NYLA/YSS)
• The Library Bill of Rights
• Freedom to Read
• Statement Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights: Free Access to Libraries for Minors and Access to Electronic Information Services and Resources
• Staff Use of Computers, Tippecanoe County Public Library

Computer Use

• Julia L. Butterfield Memorial Library (Cold Spring, NY)

Wireless (Wi-fi) Networks

• Cedar Falls Public Library
  
• Central Arkansas Library District
  
• Tompkins County Public Library
  
• Brevard County Libraries
  
• Aurora Public Library
  
• Teton County Library
  
• Boulder Public Library
  
• Herrick District Library

Social Software Policy

• Newton Free Library (MA)
• Washoe County Library System (NV)
• Longview Public Library Blogettiquette (WA)
• Orange County Teen Blog (FL)

Web Site Disclaimers

Samples

• New York Public Library: In choosing sources to link to its Website, The New York Public Library follows its materials selection guidelines. Beyond this, the Library does not monitor or control information accessible through the Internet and is not responsible for its content, for changes in content of the sources to which the Library pages link, or for the content of sources accessed through secondary links.
  NYPL: DISCLAIMER: While every effort is made to provide accurate information, THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ALL EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION AND MATERIALS PROVIDED HEREIN, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF PROPRIETARY RIGHTS. THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, ITS TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, AND OTHER REPRESENTATIVES SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, COMPENSATORY, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE USE OF THIS WEBSITE OR THE INFORMATION AND MATERIALS PROVIDED HEREIN.
  
  
• Queens Borough Public Library: THESE WEBSITES AND ANY INFORMATION, PRODUCTS OR SERVICES THEREIN ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR USE OF A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NONINFRINGEMENT, QBPL does not warrant, and hereby disclaims any warranties, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any site, information obtained from a site. THE QUEENS BOROUGH PUBLIC LIBRARY, ITS TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES AND OTHER
  REPRESENTATIVES SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING AND WITHOUT LIMITATION, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, COMPENSATORY, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE USE OF THIS WEBSITE OR THE INFORMATION AND MATERIALS PROVIDED HEREIN.
  

• Huntington Public Library: Information on these pages was prepared by the Huntington Public Library. Neither the Library nor any of its members or its members' employees, their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Library, its members, or any agency, contractor, or subcontractor thereof. Transmission of any material in violation of any U. S. or State regulation is prohibited. This includes, but is not limited to, copyrighted material; threatening or obscene material; expressions of bigotry, racism, or hate; or material protected by trade secret.

To view full collections of samples from other states visit:

• Wisconsin Association of Public Librarians
• Illinois State Library
• State Library of Ohio
• Municipal Research and Services Center of Washingston
• Alliance Library System (IL) / Safe Harbor
• Washington State Public Library Policies
• Sample Library Policy Wiki (WebJunction)

For more policy samples from MHLS libraries contact: Rebekkah Smith Aldrich, Coordinator of Member Information

Last updated: June 2008